Thermal resistance of masonry walls: a literature review on influence factors, evaluation, and improvement

Increasing the thermal resistance of masonry wall systems is one effective ways to reduce energy consumption in operation buildings. This increase also demanded by newer, more stringent codes. However, ( R-value) walls affected many factors, such as bridging, which occurs places where highly conductive structural components penetrate insulating materials. Thermal bridging common when connecting veneers backup walls. Furthermore, quick and precise methods for estimating R-value are needed design improvements code-compliance calculations. study presents a comprehensive literature review on key factors that influence overall performance walls, effectively estimate measure R-values, design. In addition identifying main technical practical challenges corresponding progress made each front, considerations, code compliance, material properties, insulation types, location, well special ties shelf angles discussed. summarizes critical information recommendations will help improve hence reducing